working polls app with function-based non-generic views

apps/polls/admin.py

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+from django.contrib import admin
+
+from .models import Question
+
+# Register your models here.
+admin.site.register(Question)

apps/polls/apps.py

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+from django.apps import AppConfig
+
+
+class PollsConfig(AppConfig):
+    name = "apps.polls"

apps/polls/migrations/0001_initial.py

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+# Generated by Django 6.0 on 2025-12-21 22:37
+
+import django.db.models.deletion
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    initial = True
+
+    dependencies = [
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name='Question',
+            fields=[
+                ('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('question_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ('pub_date', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='date published')),
+            ],
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name='Choice',
+            fields=[
+                ('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('choice_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ('votes', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
+                ('question', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='polls.question')),
+            ],
+        ),
+    ]

apps/polls/models.py

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+import datetime
+
+from django.db import models
+from django.utils import timezone
+
+# Create your models here.
+
+
+class Question(models.Model):
+    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.question_text
+
+    def was_published_recently(self):
+        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+
+
+class Choice(models.Model):
+    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.choice_text

apps/polls/templates/polls/detail.html

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+<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
+{% csrf_token %}
+<fieldset>
+    <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
+    {% if error_message %}
+        <p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>
+    {% endif %}
+    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
+        <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
+        <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
+    {% endfor %}
+</fieldset>
+<input type="submit" value="Vote">
+</form>

apps/polls/templates/polls/index.html

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+{% if latest_question_list %}
+<ul>
+    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
+    <li>
+        <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}"
+            >{{ question.question_text }}</a
+        >
+    </li>
+    {% endfor %}
+</ul>
+{% else %}
+<p>No polls are available.</p>
+{% endif %}

apps/polls/templates/polls/results.html

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+<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
+
+<ul>
+{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
+    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
+{% endfor %}
+</ul>
+
+<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>

apps/polls/tests.py

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+from django.test import TestCase
+
+# Create your tests here.

apps/polls/urls.py

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+from django.urls import path
+
+from . import views
+
+app_name = "polls"
+urlpatterns = [
+    # ex: /polls/
+    path("", views.index, name="index"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/
+    path("specifics/<int:question_id>/", views.detail, name="detail"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/results/
+    path("<int:question_id>/results/", views.results, name="results"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/vote/
+    path("<int:question_id>/vote/", views.vote, name="vote"),
+]

apps/polls/views.py

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+from django.db.models import F
+from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
+from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
+from django.urls import reverse
+
+from .models import Choice, Question
+
+
+def index(request):
+    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]
+    context = {"latest_question_list": latest_question_list}
+    return render(request, "polls/index.html", context)
+
+
+def detail(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    return render(request, "polls/detail.html", {"question": question})
+
+
+def results(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    return render(request, "polls/results.html", {"question": question})
+
+
+def vote(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    try:
+        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST["choice"])
+    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
+        # Redisplay the question voting form.
+        return render(
+            request,
+            "polls/detail.html",
+            {
+                "question": question,
+                "error_message": "You didn't select a choice.",
+            },
+        )
+    else:
+        selected_choice.votes = F("votes") + 1
+        selected_choice.save()
+        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
+        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
+        # user hits the Back button.
+        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("polls:results", args=(question.id,)))