working polls app with function-based non-generic views

apps/polls/admin.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 from django.contrib import admin
 
+from .models import Question
+
 # Register your models here.
+admin.site.register(Question)

apps/polls/apps.py

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
 class PollsConfig(AppConfig):
-    name = 'polls'
+    name = "apps.polls"

apps/polls/migrations/0001_initial.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Generated by Django 6.0 on 2025-12-21 22:37
+
+import django.db.models.deletion
+from django.db import migrations, models
+
+
+class Migration(migrations.Migration):
+
+    initial = True
+
+    dependencies = [
+    ]
+
+    operations = [
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name='Question',
+            fields=[
+                ('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('question_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ('pub_date', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='date published')),
+            ],
+        ),
+        migrations.CreateModel(
+            name='Choice',
+            fields=[
+                ('id', models.BigAutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('choice_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
+                ('votes', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
+                ('question', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='polls.question')),
+            ],
+        ),
+    ]

apps/polls/models.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import datetime
+
+from django.db import models
+from django.utils import timezone
+
+# Create your models here.
+
+
+class Question(models.Model):
+    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.question_text
+
+    def was_published_recently(self):
+        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+
+
+class Choice(models.Model):
+    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
+    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.choice_text

apps/polls/templates/polls/detail.html

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
+{% csrf_token %}
+<fieldset>
+    <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
+    {% if error_message %}
+        <p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>
+    {% endif %}
+    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
+        <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
+        <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
+    {% endfor %}
+</fieldset>
+<input type="submit" value="Vote">
+</form>

apps/polls/templates/polls/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{% if latest_question_list %}
+<ul>
+    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
+    <li>
+        <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}"
+            >{{ question.question_text }}</a
+        >
+    </li>
+    {% endfor %}
+</ul>
+{% else %}
+<p>No polls are available.</p>
+{% endif %}

apps/polls/templates/polls/results.html

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
+
+<ul>
+{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
+    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
+{% endfor %}
+</ul>
+
+<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>

apps/polls/urls.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from django.urls import path
+
+from . import views
+
+app_name = "polls"
+urlpatterns = [
+    # ex: /polls/
+    path("", views.index, name="index"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/
+    path("specifics/<int:question_id>/", views.detail, name="detail"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/results/
+    path("<int:question_id>/results/", views.results, name="results"),
+    # ex: /polls/5/vote/
+    path("<int:question_id>/vote/", views.vote, name="vote"),
+]

apps/polls/views.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from django.db.models import F
+from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
+from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
+from django.urls import reverse
+
+from .models import Choice, Question
+
+
+def index(request):
+    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]
+    context = {"latest_question_list": latest_question_list}
+    return render(request, "polls/index.html", context)
+
+
+def detail(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    return render(request, "polls/detail.html", {"question": question})
+
+
+def results(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    return render(request, "polls/results.html", {"question": question})
+
+
+def vote(request, question_id):
+    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
+    try:
+        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST["choice"])
+    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
+        # Redisplay the question voting form.
+        return render(
+            request,
+            "polls/detail.html",
+            {
+                "question": question,
+                "error_message": "You didn't select a choice.",
+            },
+        )
+    else:
+        selected_choice.votes = F("votes") + 1
+        selected_choice.save()
+        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
+        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
+        # user hits the Back button.
+        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("polls:results", args=(question.id,)))

django_movies/settings.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
 # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/howto/deployment/checklist/
 
 # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
-SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-yt9sy+oy77u7i3adf2&jno_&%448n5ic&ih9tk#s9ad3gxt$#5'
+SECRET_KEY = "django-insecure-yt9sy+oy77u7i3adf2&jno_&%448n5ic&ih9tk#s9ad3gxt$#5"
 
 # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
 DEBUG = True
@@ -31,51 +31,52 @@ ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
 # Application definition
 
 INSTALLED_APPS = [
-    'django.contrib.admin',
-    'django.contrib.auth',
-    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
-    'django.contrib.sessions',
-    'django.contrib.messages',
-    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
+    "apps.polls.apps.PollsConfig",
+    "django.contrib.admin",
+    "django.contrib.auth",
+    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
+    "django.contrib.sessions",
+    "django.contrib.messages",
+    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
 ]
 
 MIDDLEWARE = [
-    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
-    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
-    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
+    "django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware",
+    "django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware",
+    "django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware",
+    "django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware",
+    "django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware",
 ]
 
-ROOT_URLCONF = 'django_movies.urls'
+ROOT_URLCONF = "django_movies.urls"
 
 TEMPLATES = [
     {
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'DIRS': [],
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
+        "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+        "DIRS": [],
+        "APP_DIRS": True,
+        "OPTIONS": {
+            "context_processors": [
+                "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
             ],
         },
     },
 ]
 
-WSGI_APPLICATION = 'django_movies.wsgi.application'
+WSGI_APPLICATION = "django_movies.wsgi.application"
 
 
 # Database
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/ref/settings/#databases
 
 DATABASES = {
-    'default': {
-        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
-        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
+    "default": {
+        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.sqlite3",
+        "NAME": BASE_DIR / "db.sqlite3",
     }
 }
 
@@ -85,16 +86,16 @@ DATABASES = {
 
 AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
     {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
+        "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator",
     },
     {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
+        "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator",
     },
     {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
+        "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator",
     },
     {
-        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
+        "NAME": "django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator",
     },
 ]
 
@@ -102,9 +103,9 @@ AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
 # Internationalization
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/topics/i18n/
 
-LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
+LANGUAGE_CODE = "en-us"
 
-TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
+TIME_ZONE = "America/New_York"
 
 USE_I18N = True
 
@@ -114,4 +115,4 @@ USE_TZ = True
 # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/howto/static-files/
 
-STATIC_URL = 'static/'
+STATIC_URL = "static/"

django_movies/urls.py

@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ from django.urls import include, path
 
 urlpatterns = [
     path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
-    path("polls/", include("polls.urls")),
+    path("polls/", include("apps.polls.urls")),
 ]

polls/models.py

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import models
-
-# Create your models here.

polls/urls.py

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-from django.urls import path
-
-from . import views
-
-urlpatterns = [
-    path("", views.index, name="index"),
-]

polls/views.py

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-from django.http import HttpResponse
-
-
-def index(request):
-    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")
-
-
-def index2(request):
-    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index #2.")